翻譯理論:《墨子》英譯對比研究
0、引言
墨子,名翟,生于公元前約468年,卒于公元前約376年,是春秋戰國時期著名的思想家、政治家、教育家、軍事家及科學家,墨家學派的創始人。在代表新興地主階級利益的法家掘起以前,墨家是先秦時期和儒家相對立的最大學派,曾與儒學並列爲“世之顯學”。墨子的著作在西漢時由劉向整理成書,共71 章,但六朝以後有所流失,現存的《墨子》只有53章。現已出版的《墨子》英譯本有兩種: 一是梅贻寶(Y. P. Mei )的譯本(以下簡稱“梅譯本”) ,二是伯頓•沃森(Burton Watson) 的譯本(以下簡稱“沃譯本”) 。梅譯本的英文全稱是: The Ethical and Political Works of Motse(《墨子的倫理及政治論著》)。梅贻寶是天津人,1922年畢業于清華大學,1923 年赴美國哥倫比亞大學專門從事墨子研究,1927年獲得博士學位。梅的博士論文題目爲Motse,the Neglected Rival of Confucius (《墨子: 一位曾與孔子匹敵而後備受冷落的人》),其譯著是他博士論文的副産品。梅贻寶是將《墨子》譯成英語並在西方出版發行的第一人。西方哲學界對梅譯《墨子》的評論是:“盡管譯自上個世紀20年代,梅對墨學作品的翻譯仍是研究古代中國(哲學思想) 的標準資源。”《墨子》的另一個英譯本出自哥倫比亞大學教授伯頓•沃森(Burton Watson) 之手。沃森爲中國古典哲學和文學專家。他的譯本取名爲Basic Writings of Mo Tzu(《墨子選譯》),于1963年由美國哥倫比亞大學出版社出版。西方評論界認爲他的譯文“不但忠實于原文,而且具有很高的可讀性和欣賞價值”。我們的譯本取名爲The English Version of The Complete Works of Mozi (《<墨子>英譯全譯本》),曆時兩年半完成。該書被列入國家新聞出版總署的重大出版工程“大中華文庫”出版計劃,由湖南人民出版社出版。
本文試圖通過對《墨子》現有英譯本的比讀分析,論證《墨子》英譯全譯本的必要性及特點,探討典籍英譯所應遵循的基本原則以及文本考辨在典籍英譯中的重要作用。
1、《墨子》英譯全譯本的必要性及特點
與《老子》、《莊子》、《孟子》、《荀子》等中國重要典籍作品相比,《墨子》一直缺少一部英譯全譯本,因而海外讀者對博大精深的墨學一直未能見其全貌。梅先生只選譯了現存墨子53章中的36章。沃森的譯本更不能全面反映墨子的思想,他只選譯了現存《墨子》53章中的14章。因此,盡早讓海外讀者讀到墨子的英譯全譯本,讓被稱爲“絕學”的墨學全貌被世界上更多的人認識,是中國學者義不容辭的任務。其次,梅譯和沃譯的出版年代已經久遠,距今已相隔少則 40年,多則近80年,無論是在語言轉換,還是在內容表達方面都有必要根據當今讀者的需求重新規範,與時俱進。而兩個譯本中出現的誤譯、漏譯等更是急需進行修正。第三,在近幾十年中,我國學術界對《墨子》的考證和研究取得了長足進步,這些最新的研究成果爲翻譯《墨子》全書提供了許多有利條件,因此有必要利用這些最新的研究成果重譯《墨子》,使其以全新的面貌呈現在新世紀讀者面前。比如,《墨子》第二章“修身” (中) 有這樣一句話: “是故君子力事日強,願欲日逾一 ,設壯日盛。”梅先生的譯文是: "Therefore the superior men are daily more energetic in performing their duty, but weaker in their desires, and more stately in their appearance. " 當年梅先生參考的版本是晚清學者孫诒讓校勘的《墨子閑估》,而根據2000 年出版的《墨子直解》的解釋,“願欲日逾”應爲“願欲遠大”之意,因此我們的譯文也做了相應修訂: " Therefore, the gentleman will gain more strength, cherish greater expectations and display better conduct with each passing day. " 再如,梅譯本和沃譯本對《墨子•非攻(下)》有這樣一句話: “偏具此物,而致從事焉,則是國家失卒,而百姓易務也。”這裏的國家“失卒”分別被譯爲“lose its fighting men ” (沃譯) 和“lose its men ” (梅譯),而當今現代漢語譯本對“國家失卒”的解釋均爲“國家失去法度”(孫以楷、甄長松,2000:69;吳龍輝等,1992:102)。因此,我們采納了最新研究成果,將這段話譯爲: " If all the unfavorable conditions exist, the war is still launched by all means, then the state will fall in to disorder and the common people will be forced to abandon their occupations. "
就《墨子》英譯全譯本的特點而言,我們經過認真仔細的文本考辨,糾正了梅譯本和沃譯本的誤譯、漏譯。比如:
(1) “湯放桀于大水,環天下自立以爲王。”(《墨子•三辯》) 二
梅譯: Tang sent Jie to exile on the ocean and installed himself ruler of the empire.
經考證,梅的這個譯文有錯。他在譯“大水”一詞時未經認真辨析,誤將“大水”一詞譯爲“ocean”。根據2000 年浙江文藝出版社《墨子直解》的解釋: “大水,地名,所在不詳。”顯然,“大水”指的是地名。我們的譯文是:" Having exiled Jie to a place called Dashui, Tangmade himself ruler of the empire. "③
(2) “昔者楚靈王好士細要,故靈王之臣,皆以一飯爲節,脅息然後帶,扶牆然後起。”(《墨子•兼愛<中>》)
梅譯: And Lord Ling of the state of Chu (about 535 B1C.) liked slender waists. And so all his ministers and officers limited themselves to a single meal (a day). They tied their belts after exhaling, and could not stand up without leaning against the wall.
這句話裏的“脅息然後帶”有可能産生歧義。“脅息”究竟指“吐氣” (exhale /breathe out) 還是“吸氣” (inhale /breathe in) ,各家解釋也不一致。《墨子直解》的解釋是: “吐出氣以緊縮腰腹”,孫诒讓的《墨子閑估》對“脅息”一詞沒有解釋,《墨子白話今譯》和《墨子全譯》提供的現代漢語譯文分別爲“收著氣然後才系上腰帶” 和“脅下吸氣(收腹),然後用腰帶束緊”。我們帶著疑問查閱了1998年商務印書館出版的《古代漢語詞典》,得到的解釋是“斂氣,屏息”。顯然,《古代漢語詞典》的解釋是正確的。只有先吸氣才能收腹,這其實是一個常識問題。據此,我們的譯文是:" In the past, Lord L ing of the state of Chu preferred that the elite gentlemen have slender waists. So all his ministers ate only just one meal a day and would in hale and contract their bellies before they tied their girdles. "
(3) “昔者晉文公好士之惡衣,故文公之臣,,皆: 羊之裘,韋以帶劍,練帛之冠,入以見于君,出以踐于朝。”(《墨子•兼愛<中>》)
梅譯: Formerly, Lord Wen of the state of Jin (about 630 B1C.) liked the uncouth uniform of the soldier. And so all his ministers and officers wore sheep skin jackets, carried their swords in leather girdles, and put on silk-spun hats. Thus attired, they attended the Lord when they went in and paced the court when they stayed out.
梅把“士”譯爲“士兵”。實際上,這句話中的“士”應爲“士君子”。雖然孫诒讓的《墨子閑估》對“士”一詞沒有解釋,但《墨子直解》、《墨子白話今譯》和《墨子全譯》分別將其釋之爲:“士君子”或“士人”。從邏輯上和上下文的關聯判斷,上文的“士君子” (elite gentlemen)和下文的“文公之臣” (Lord Wen's ministers) 有關聯。因此,“士”應爲“士君子”而不是“士兵”。我們的譯文是:" In the past, Lord Wen of the state of Jin preferred that the elite gentlemen wear coarse clothes. So all his ministers wore shabby sheep skin coats, with swords hanging on their leather belts and silk-spun hats on their heads, when they went into the palace to see him or when they went out to attend to the court affairs. "
(4) 禹曰: “濟濟有衆,鹹聽朕言! 非惟小子,敢行稱亂。蠢此有苗,用天之罰。若予既率而群對諸群,以征有苗。”(《墨子•兼愛<下>》)
對這句話中“小子”的翻譯,梅譯本和沃譯本皆有錯誤。梅的譯文是: "Yu said (therein):' Come all you hosts of people, take heed and hearken to my words. It is not that I, a single person, would willingly stir up this confusion. The Prince of Miao is more and more unreasonable, he deserves punishment from Heaven. Therefore I lead you to appoint the lords of the states and go to punish the Prince of Miao. '" 梅在這裏將“小子”譯爲 "I, a single person". 沃森的譯文是: "Yu said: 'All you teeming multitudes, listen to my words! It is not that I, the little child, would dare to act in a disorderly way. But this ruler of the Miao, with his unyielding ways, deserves Heaven's punishment. So I shall lead you, the lords of the various states, to conquer the ruler of the Miao. '”沃森將“小子”譯爲" I, the little child".其實,這裏的“小子”是禹對自己的謙稱,這可從2002年商務印書館出版的《古代漢語詞典》“小子”的釋義2中找到答案。《墨子直解》對此句中的“小子”解釋爲: “小子,禹對自己的謙稱。”遺憾的是,孫诒讓的《墨子閑估》對“小子”一詞沒有解釋,而中國書店1992年版的《墨子白話今譯》以及巴蜀書社2000年版的《墨子全譯》提供的現代漢語譯文更是只將“小子”一詞照搬到譯文中,這顯然不妥。我們經過認真考辨,最終確定“小子”是禹對自己的謙稱。我們的譯文如下:" Yu said: 'Come, all my fellow countrymen, listen to my words. It is not that I dare to launch the war, but that the ruler of Youmiao is stirring up trouble and deserves Heaven's punishment. Now I will lead you to punish him.'"
(5) “且吾所以知天愛民之厚者,不止此而足矣。曰殺不辜者,天予不祥。不辜者誰也?曰人也。予之不祥者誰也? 曰天也。” (《墨子•天志<中>》)
梅譯: Yet this does not exhaust my reasons whereby I know Heaven loves man dearly. It is said the murder of an innocent individual will call down a calamity. Who is the innocent? Man is. From whom is the visitation? From Heaven.
梅把文中的“不辜者誰也?”譯爲“Who is the innocent?”巴蜀書社出版的《墨子全譯》的現代譯文是: “無辜的是誰? 是人。”而中國書店出版的《墨子白話今譯》的譯文則是: “殺無辜的是誰呢?是人。”究竟是“無辜的是誰?”還是“殺無辜的是誰呢?”我們帶著疑問,查閱了孫诒讓的《墨子閑估》並找到了答案。根據孫诒讓的解釋: “不辜者”前當補上“殺”字。經過認真仔細的考辨,我們認爲,孫的注釋言之有理。在處理古籍文本中明顯前後矛盾,不合邏輯的句子和字詞時,劉宓慶先生指出,古代印刷水平很有限,古籍又曆經浩劫,銷匿蠶食代代有之,傳抄錯簡是常有之事,不能盲從聖賢無謬論,應“參照'接收者反饋'加以調整,采取一種能動、積極、進取的文本處理手法和文本觀”。(劉宓慶,2003: 59 - 62) 這個例子正好印證了劉先生的這個觀點。我們的譯文是:" I know that Heaven's love for the people goes far beyond what is mentioned above. Those who kill the innocent will be punished. Who are the killers? Men. Who will cast punishment upon the killers? Heaven."
(6) “逮至乎夏王桀,天有酷命,日月不時,寒暑雜至,五谷焦死,鬼呼國,鶴鳴十夕余。天乃命湯于镳宮: '用受夏之大命。夏德大亂,予既卒其命于天矣,往而誅之,必使汝堪之。'”(《墨子•非攻<下>》)
梅譯: When it came to King Jie of Xia, Heaven gave severe order. Sun and moon did not appear on time. Winter and summer came irregularly. The five grains were dried up to death. Ghosts called in the country, and cranes shrieked for more than ten nights. Heaven then commissioned Tang in the Biao Palace, to receive the great trust that had been given to Xia, as the conduct of Xia fell into great perversity.
沃譯: In the case of King Chieh of Hsia, Heaven likewise sent down its direst command. Sun and moon failed to appear at the proper time, hot weather and cold mingled in confusion, and the five grains were seared and died. Spirits wailed throughout the land and cranes shrieked for more than ten nights. Heaven gave its command to Tang in the Piao Palace, ordering him to take over the solemn mandate from the Hsia, for the Hsia had fallen into grave disorder.
對照原文和譯文,很容易發現,原文中的黑體部分“予既卒其命于天矣,往而誅之,必使汝堪之”,無論是梅譯還是沃譯均未譯出。我們的譯文補全了原文中的這句話。譯文如下:" In the case of the downfall of King Jie of the Xia Dynasty, Heaven gave strict orders that the sun and the moon rise and set irregularly, summer and winter mingle in confusion, the five grains die of draught, ghosts howl in the country and cranes shriek for over ten nights. Then, Heaven gave the command to Tang in the Biao Palace, ordering him to receive the mandate of Heaven as the moral conduct in the Xia Dynasty had fallen into chaos, saying: 'I have ended the fate of Xia in Heaven. Go and destroy Xia. I will en sure your victory. '"
2、《墨子》英譯全譯本翻譯原則與技巧
我們根據本書的讀者對象主要是英美國家普通讀者這一特點,制定了《墨子》英譯全譯本翻譯原則與技巧。通過考察梅譯本和沃譯本在文體風格和翻譯策略上的不同,我們發現,梅譯較爲簡潔、典雅,注重逐字翻譯,沃譯則追求明白、曉暢,譯筆較爲靈活,有直譯,也有添加成分。梅譯是學術性翻譯,服務對象爲少數研究漢學的學者。這種翻譯突出的是譯文的敘述價值和文化價值。沃譯屬于普及性翻譯,面向熱愛中華文化的普通讀者,強調文筆的生動傳神,注重譯文的可讀性。鑒于列入《大中華文庫》的《墨子》英譯全譯本的讀者對象主要是英美國家的普通讀者,我們認爲,《墨子》英譯全譯本也應制定自己的翻譯原則,那就是“明白、通暢、簡潔”四。“明白”指所譯出的譯文要讓普通讀者看得懂,“通暢”指譯文本身不能過度拘泥于原文結構,造成行文梗阻,閱讀吃力。“簡潔”之所以排在第三,是因爲我們要求的譯文“簡潔”是建立在“明白、通暢”基礎上的。如果只片面追求譯文的“簡潔”,以犧牲譯文的“明白、通暢”爲代價,就不宜效仿。怎樣才能做到“明白、通暢、簡潔”呢? 汪榕培提出: “我們遵循的原則是以流暢的當代英語表達原作的精神實質,再現原作的藝術風采。在英語讀者可能接受的基礎上,能夠直譯就直譯,也就是用原文的對應詞語或對應結構來翻譯。在可能出現辭不達意或可能引起誤解的時候,就采取靈活多變的處理方式。即使同一個多次出現的概念和術語在不同的行文中也可能采用不同的表達方式。在個別場合下,單純的句子翻譯不能表達全部內涵的時候,則采用解釋性的譯法。這樣做比大量加注更爲可取,讀者不必打斷思路停下來閱讀注解。另外,對于影響理解的人物和難以理解的典故,可采用虛化的方法。”(1997: 36)爲了保證譯文做到“明白、通暢、簡潔”,我們在《墨子》英譯全譯本中使用了以下翻譯技巧:
2.1 直譯
子墨子言曰: “今者王公大人爲政于國家者,皆欲國家之富,人民之衆,刑政之治。然而不得富而得貧,不得衆而得寡,不得治而得亂,則是本失其所欲,得其所惡。是其故何也?”(《墨子•尚賢<上>》)
梅譯: Mozi said "Now,all the rulers desire their provinces to be wealthy, their people to be numerous, and their jurisdiction to secure order. But what they obtain is not wealth but poverty, not multitude but scarcity, not order but chaos—this is to lose what they desire and obtain what they avert. Why is this? "
梅譯對原文有所省略,如將“今者王公大人爲政于國家者,皆欲……”譯爲" Now, all the rulers desire… ", 對這種隨意的簡化,我們認爲不妥。
我們的譯文是:"Master Mozi said: 'Now rulers and high officials in charge of the state affairs all wish to see their countries prosperous with a large population, and their jurisdiction to secure order. Yet what they obtain is not prosperity but poverty, not a large population but a small one, not order but chaos. That is to say, instead of getting what they wish to see, they obtain what they dislike. Why is it so?... 通過將“今者王公大人爲政于國家者”直譯爲 "Now rulers and high officials in charge of the state affairs",我們的譯文做到了與原文在內容和形式上的統一。
2.2 意譯
子墨子言曰: “今王公大人之君人民、主社稷、治國家,欲修保而勿失,故不察尚賢爲政之本也。”(《墨子•尚賢<中>》)
在譯這句話中“主社稷”三個字時,沃森用直譯法將其譯爲“presiding over the altars of the soil and grain”。我們認爲,用直譯法譯“主社稷”而又不加注釋很難讓譯文的讀者(特別是對中國文化知之甚少的外國讀者)知曉其含義。因此,我們使用了意譯法,旨在使其明白、通暢。我們認爲,信息的傳達與轉換是典籍翻譯很重要的一個課題。典籍翻譯是一種文化交流,爲了追求文化交際的效果,有時不能片面追求原文和譯文表層意義的對等,而應努力體現原文的深層意義。我們的譯文是:"Master Mozi said: 'Nowadays, in ruling the people, presiding over the state affairs and governing the country, rulers and high officials all wish to keep everlasting stability. Yet why do they fail to see that, to realize this wish, the fundamental policy to govern a country is to respect the virtuous and talented?...
2.3 解釋性翻譯
“泰顛來賓,河出綠圖,地出乘黃。武王踐功,夢見三神曰: ‘予既沈漬殷纣于酒德矣,往攻之,予必使汝大堪之’武王乃攻狂夫,反商之周,天賜武王黃鳥之旗。”(《墨子•非攻<下>》)
梅譯: Tai Dian then came to be minister to (King Wen). The charts emerged out of the River and Chenghuang appeared on land. Thereupon King Wu ascended the throne. Three gods spoke to him in a dream, saying:" Now that we have submerged Zhou of Yin in wine, you go and attack him. We will surely let you destroy him. " So, King Wu set out and attacked Zhou, and rep laced Shang with Zhou. Heaven gave King Wu the Yellow Bird Pennant.
沃譯: Tai-tien journeyed to pay his respects to the Chou ruler, the river cast up its chart, and the land brought forth the"riding-yellow" beast. King Wu ascended the throne, and in a dream he saw three spirits who said to him:" We have already drowned Chou of Shang in the power of wine. Go and attack him, and we will surely cause you to win victory over him! " So King Wu went and attacked him, and rep laced the state of Shang with that of Chou, and Heaven presented King Wu with the yellow bird pennant.
梅譯和沃譯對原文黑體字的處理多爲音譯或直譯。然而,這樣的譯文並不能使讀者滿意。“泰顛”是誰? 何爲“綠圖”? 何爲“乘黃”? “河出綠圖,地出乘黃”有何含義? 何爲“黃鳥之旗”? 讀了梅譯和沃譯,仍不能對這些問題找到答案。這些詞語均屬于中國文化典籍中常見的傳統文化詞,它們經曆了曆史文化的沈澱,言簡意豐,文化負載重,文化意蘊深。在翻譯這些具有深厚文化意蘊的字詞和短語時,有兩種翻譯方法可以使用。一是直譯或音譯後加注;二是使用解釋性翻譯。考慮到此書的讀者對象是普通海外讀者而不是研究墨子的專家,在這一小段文字中出現過多注釋會影響讀者的閱讀速度和興趣,我們決定嘗試使用解釋性翻譯,把譯文讀者在閱讀中可能碰到的困難一一化解。我們的譯文是: "Taidian, a virtuous minister, submitted to the authority of King Wen. The mysterious chart emerged out of the Yellow River. Cheng Huang, the magical horse, jumped from the underground. When King Wu succeeded to the throne, he dreamt of three spirits saying to him: "We have made King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty wallow in wine and sexual pleasures. Go and wipe out him. We will ensure your victory. " So King Wu attacked the mad king and replaced the Shang Dynasty with the Zhou Dynasty. And for this Heaven bestowed the royal flag on him. "與華譯和梅譯相比,我們的譯文顯然更爲通俗易懂。
2.4 具體化
“則夫好攻伐之君又飾其說,曰:‘我非以金玉、子女、壤地爲不足也,我欲以義名立于天下,以德求諸侯也。’”(《墨子•非攻<下>》)
爲了追求譯文的明晰以及國外普通讀者理解原文語義的需要,我們把這句話中含義模糊的詞語“子女”譯爲具體的詞語“courtiers and waiting women”,而沒有像梅譯那樣將其直譯爲“ my children”。這種譯法被稱爲將原文具體化。我們認爲,在將含義模糊、甚至有可能引起歧義的原語植入目的語時,將原文具體化就能達到我們所追求的譯文“明白、通暢、簡潔”中的第一條,即所譯出的譯文明白暢曉。我們的譯文是:"But those warlike lords again attempt to defend their views,saying: 'We launch wars not because we are in shortage of gold and jewels, courtiers and waiting women, or land,but because we wish to establish a reputation for righteousness in the world and subdue the other feudal lords by way of virtue and benevolence. '"
2.5 泛化處理
“故當若天降寒熱不節,雪霜雨露不時,五谷不孰,六畜不遂,疾災戾疫,飄風苦雨,薦臻而至者,此天之降罰也,將以罰下人之不尚同乎天者也。”(《墨子•尚同<中>》)
梅曾將此句中的“五谷”和“六畜”譯爲“the five grains”和“the six animals”並分別加注: The five grains are: (1 ) rice,(2 ) millet,(3 ) millet of a different variety,(4) wheat,and (5) soy beans. The "six animals" refer to (1) horse,(2) ox,(3) sheep,(4) chicken,(5) dog,and (6) pig. 我們認爲,對于一般的外國讀者,他們沒有必要去了解何爲“五谷”和“六畜”。因此,爲了追求譯文的“明白、通暢、簡潔”,我們的譯文把“五谷”泛化處理爲 “糧食作物”; “六畜”泛化處理爲“家畜”。我們的譯文是: "The cold and heat would arrive untimely, so would snow, frost, rain and dew. The grain crops would not ripe and domestic animals would not mature. Diseases, epidemics and pestilences would spread far and wide and storms and bitter rains would repeatedly afflict the earth. All these are the punishments that Heaven flings upon those who are not willing to identify themselves with it. "
2.6 省略/添加
“今人固與禽獸、麋鹿、蜚鳥、貞蟲異者也。今之禽獸、麋鹿、蜚鳥、貞蟲,因其羽毛,以爲衣裘; 因其蹄蚤,以爲绔屦; 困其水草,以爲飲食。”(《墨子•非樂<上>》)
我們在譯這句話時,對其中的“麋鹿”一詞加以省略,沒有翻譯。理由是,“麋鹿”屬于禽獸一類,既然文中已提到獸類,就沒有必要再加上“麋鹿” (除非是要強調這種動物)。我們認爲,在從事中華典籍翻譯時,譯者必須對文本進行認真考辨。爲了保持主題的連貫,上下文的連貫以及譯文行文流暢,譯者有時可以對原文的冗余成分或脫落部分進行適度的省略或添加。只有這樣,譯文才能做到“明白、通暢、簡潔”。我們的譯文是: "Man is different from beasts,birds and insects. The birds, beasts, and insects have feathers and furs for their coats and robes,hoofs and claws for their leggings and shoes, and water and grass for their food and drink. ”無獨有偶,梅譯和沃譯也都對文中的“麋鹿”采取了省略不譯的做法,分別以“birds and beasts and insects”(梅譯)和“the beasts,birds,and insects” (沃譯)來譯“禽獸、麋鹿、蜚鳥、貞蟲”。
3、結語
我們在翻譯《墨子》全文的過程中,使用墨學權威孫诒讓的《墨子閑估》爲藍本,同時參閱了十余種近年來出版的《墨子》注解和現代漢語今譯本,也參閱了西方學者有關墨子的論文和著作。本著譯文要“明白、通暢、簡潔”,方便西方讀者理解的原則,我們對所遇到的疑難之處均進行了認真考辨,糾正了梅譯本和沃譯本的誤譯、漏譯,嘗試了各種翻譯技巧,力爭使自己的譯文體現時代的特點,並在翻譯質量上比已有的譯文有較大提高。希望這部《墨子》英文全譯本能爲國外更多的讀者提供一個更爲全面客觀了解墨子博大精深學問的平台,爲擴大中國優秀傳統文化在世界的傳播和影響貢獻我們菲薄的力量。至于我們做得怎樣,還有賴于海內外各位專家學者提出寶貴的意見。
注釋:
一爲比較方便,本文作者對所討論的原文及譯文內容均以黑體標示之,特此說明。
二例句引自孫诒讓《墨子閑估》,北京: 中華書局,2001。下同。
③本文提供的《墨子》參考譯文由汪榕培教授與筆者合譯。
四“明白、通暢、簡潔”三原則最早由潘文國教授提出。潘教授撰文指出,對古籍英譯而言,“明白”“通暢”“簡潔”是起碼標準、最低要求。本文對這三原則做了進一步闡發。
參考文獻:
[1]《古代漢語詞典》編寫組. 古代漢語詞典[M]. 北京:商務印書館,1998.
[2] 劉宓慶. 翻譯與語言哲學[M]. 北京: 中國對外翻譯公司,2003.
[3] 潘文國,等. 古籍英譯當求明白、通暢、簡潔[C] / /楊自儉. 英漢語比較與翻譯. 上海: 上海外語教育出版社,2000.
[4] 水渭松. 墨子直解[M]. 杭州: 浙江文藝出版社,2000.
[5] 孫以楷,甄長松. 墨子全譯[M]. 成都: 巴蜀書社,2000.
[6] 孫诒讓. 墨子閑估[M]. 北京: 中華書局,2001.
[7] 譚家建. 墨子研究[M]. 貴陽: 貴州教育出版社,1995.
[8] 汪榕培. 比較與翻譯[M]. 上海: 上海外語教育出版社,1997.
[9] 吳龍輝,等. 墨子白話今譯[M]. 北京: 中國書店,1992.
[10] 夏景森. 墨子菁華[M]. 上海: 上海教育出版社,2001.
[11] 徐希燕. 墨學研究[M]. 北京: 商務印書館,2001.
[12] 張達聰. 翻譯之原理與技巧[M]. 台北: 國家出版社,1979.
[13] Mei,Y1P. (tr.) The Ethical and Political Works of Motse [M]. London: Probsthain,1929.
[14] Watson,B. (tr.) Basic Writings of Mo Tzu [M]. New York: Columbia University Press,1963.
作者簡介: 王宏(1956 - ) ,男,浙江甯波人,蘇州大學外國語學院翻譯研究所所長,教授,碩士生導師,主要研究方向爲典籍英譯及翻譯理論。
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